In this paper we are concernedwith understanding large scale agglomerations, creating differences between entire regions. This paper aims to demonstrate, with a case study among two cities Maceió and Recife, the main reasons for economic concentration through pure and/or pecuniary externalities which induce regional centripetal and centrifugal forces. The New Economy Geography emerges as a revolution in regional science, aiming to explain the reasons for uneven economic growth between locations. ABSTRACT From the beginning of the 1990s, a wave of theoretical innovations leaded by increasing returns created significant changes in several economic fields, mainly in regional science. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar, por meio de um estudo de caso entre Maceió e Recife, as razões para a concentração das atividades econômicas entre determinadas localidades por meio de externalidades puras e/ou pecuniárias que induzem as forças centrífugas e centrípetas para as regiões. A Nova Geografia Econômica surge, e revoluciona os métodos regionais, mostrando-se consistente para explicar os motivos do crescimento econômico desigual entre localidades. RESUMO A partir do início da década de 1990s, uma onda de inovações teóricas liderada pela abordagem de retornos crescentes de escala trouxe modificações significantes em diversos campos da ciência econômica, assim como na ciência regional. Based on theses remarks, it is proposed a theoretical approach that stresses social diversities and the use of self-organizing systems as a tool able to deal with the "local histories" (path dependences) that shape and characterize the modern spatial economic structures. It presents theoretical comments on the relevance of regional asymmetries and criticizes the representation of cities and regions as economic agents. The last part of the paper is more exploratory and suggestive. In the second part some empirical and theoretical limitations of the NEG models are discussed. The first part describes the theoretical bedrock of the NEG: the core-periphery model. The main task of this paper is to present a critical assessment of the NEG approach, which has in the book The Spatial Economy, by M.Fujita, P.Krugman and A.Venables (1999), its best synthesis. Since the beginning of the 90's the New Economic Geography (NEG) has been a theoretical reference for several researches on regional and urban economics.
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